scene painting – Drypigment.net

I decided to use distemper paint for three shows this year: L’amant anonyme (Haymarket Opera Co., June 2022), L’incoronazione di Poppea (Haymarket Opera Co., Sept. 2022), and Pirates of Penzance (Gilbert and Sullivan Very Light Opera Co., Nov. 2022).

In my experience, no other paint medium feels quite so pure, nor reflects light quite so beautifully. Whether distemper compositions are lit by incandescent light or LED, the colors literally glow on stage; there are no “dead” spots. The colors are vibrant with a perfectly flat finish, a necessary characteristic for scenic illusion under stage light. Below are three painted details from my aforementioned productions, all painted with pigment paste and diluted hide glue.

Painted detail from *L’incoronazione di Poppea*.

Painted detail from *Pirates of Penzance*.

DISTEMPER PAINTING

The distemper paint system was the preferred method of scenic artists for centuries in both Europe and North America. It remains an extremely efficient process today, with little waste at the end of a production. Dry pigment left on a painter’s palette can simply be scraped off and reused for future projects.

Unlike contemporary premixed paint, there is no added filler nor extender that dilutes the colors. Contemporary paints also have a relatively short shelf life. Such is not the case with distemper paint for the stage. In dry form, both pigment and hide glue granules can last for decades, if not a century or more. The longevity of these materials is remarkable. Distemper paint consists of only two ingredients: pigment (color) and binder (glue).

Pigment in paste form. The paste is placed directly on a scenic artist’s palette and mixed with hide glue.

Dry pigment is pure color. It can be transformed into a variety of artistic mediums, including pastels, watercolors, gouache, acrylics, and oil paints. Dry pigment is created from a variety of sources, including plant, mineral, insect, or chemical processes. Dry pigment remains readily available in many fine art stores, often sold by the ounce. Here is a link to an ARTnews article about contemporary dry pigment manufacturers: https://www.artnews.com/art-news/product-recommendations/best-pigment-powders-1202688380/

You will have to cut and paste the link, as I cannot share it here.

In historic scenic art studios, pounds of colors arrived in both block and wet pulp form. Keep in mind that some colors cannot transform into paste with water alone and require a solvent. It is best to keep these colors wet, hence their arrival at a studio in pulp form. For most colors, however, large blocks of compressed pigment were ground into a very fine powder and then transformed into a wet paste just prior to use.

Dry pigment in block, powder, and paste form.

This pigment paste was placed directly on the scenic artist’s palette and mixed with diluted hide glue, also termed size water.

Jesse Cox’s scenic art table. His palette and scenic art tools are part of the permanent exhibit at the Theatre Museum of Repertoire Americana in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.

If binder (size water) was not added to the pigment paste, the color would not adhere to the fabric. Without the necessary binder, the pigment simply dusts off of the scenery, leaving behind faded areas of stained fabric.

A variety of binders can be mixed with the pigment paste, however, scenic artists prefer animal hide glue due to its flat finish. Any reflective sheen on painted scenery reflects stage lights and diminishes the overall scenic illusion on the stage.

Hide glue is the gelatinous substance obtained from rendering animal hides, and sometimes bones and/or hooves. Think of the old threat about sending a horse to the glue factory. Whether horse, bovine, or rabbit, animal hides are boiled to create a gelatinous product that is dried and used by a variety of artisans as a binder, including furniture restorers.

Once the hide glue is dried, it is sold as a block, coarse granules, or fine powder. There are many different types of hide glues, with clarity and strength varying from animal to animal and batch to batch. This factor, as well as its proper preparation prior to mixing with pigment paste, directly contributes to the overall longevity of any distemper painting.

In dry form hide glue has an extended shelf life and is easily stored for long periods of time. Both dry pigment and dry hide glue could be easily stored and shipped to various locations and stored without the threat of spoiling. This made it an extremely successful paint system for generations of American scenic artists as they journeyed from one venue to the next.

Dry hide glue must be returned to a liquid state prior to mixing with pigment paste during the scene painting process. There are various ways to prepare hide glue and much depends on personal preference. Over the years, electric glue pots replaced double boilers on wood stoves or modern hot plates. The key to making glue is using indirect heat and never bringing it to a boil.

Reconstituted hide glue is further diluted with water throughout the painting process. The concentrated glue (in syrup form) is combined with an equal amount of water to make “strong size.” Strong size was often used to prepare the fabric of painting, sealing the surface to minimize paint spread. Again the ratio of glue to water depends on the quality of the product.

Strong size is best stored in a glass container.

In many cases, historic scenery was not primed with any color prior to laying out the composition. This is how I approach much of my distemper work; I seldom prime a backdrop with whiting or any color when using distemper paint. When one only uses strong size it allows each drop the possibility to function as a translucency. It also means that the scenery will roll, fold, and travel better.

Front view of painted detail for *L’amant anonyme*.

Back view of same painted detail for *L’amant anonyme*.

In the distemper painting process, strong size is diluted with water to make working size, or “size water.” Size water is used throughout the scene painting process and continually mixed with pigment paste.

Strong size is diluted to make the size water pictured above.

Unlike contemporary scenic paint, there is no successive paint layer build-up with each paint application. Distemper paint allows each wash or glaze to completely penetrate the previous paint layer, reducing the overall thickness of the painted composition while keeping the color vibrant.

A view of distemper paint as it permeates the underlying layers; it will dry light. This painted detail of ivory draperies is from my *Pirates of Penzance* drop curtain.

Furthermore, less distemper paint is needed to saturate the fabric as the colors are so vibrant, further contributing to the end result of very thin and very flexible painted fabric. The end result is similar to a dye drop.

HISTORIC AMBIANCE AND TRANSLUCENCIES

This was the approach that I used when painting the scenery for all three shows. Haymarket Lighting Designer, Brian Schneider, partially backlit the painted scenes for both L’amant anonyme and L’incoronazione di Poppea. Harkening back to an era of candlelit stages when lanterns were hidden behind the wings, sections of painted wings were inadvertently backlit. Our goal for Poppea was to recreate this historic ambiance with current theatrical lighting systems.

The mixing of distemper paint on a large scenic art palette adds variety throughout the painting process, extending reflective quality of each hue. I always add a complementary color throughout my scenic art process. For example, orange is always added to blue and red is always added to green. The addition of complementary colors adds a depth to the color palette otherwise unachievable under stage lights. Colors that a not identifiable under front light, blossom when backlit. Schneider’s lighting design reinforced this effect. Pictured below is the partially backlit with for L’amant anonyme.

Partially backlit wing (left) and backdrop with front light (right). Notice the color shift between the two. Backlighting reveals base colors that otherwise remain unseen when solely lit from the front.

My scenic design for Haymarket Opera Company’s L’incoronazione di Poppea utilized a classical garden setting to suggest numerous interior and exterior locales for the first and second acts. Painted fabric panels were added to the third act for palatial scenes and Poppea’s coronation. These panels were painted so that they could also be backlight and indirectly illuminate portions of the scene.

The addition of painted fabric panels for Act III for *L’incoronazione di Poppea*.

Backlit painted drapery attached to painted wing.

The minimal color palette for L’incoronazione di Poppea was inspired by historical writings, artistic treatises, and extant scenery at Česky Krumlov Castle Theatre, Czech Republic, and Drottningholms Slottsteater, Sweden.

Painted detail from extant scenery at Painted detail from extant scenery atPainted detail from extant scenery at Česky Krumlov Castle Theatre in the Czech Republic.

The design utilized a limited number of colors that included yellow ochre, brown ochre, red ochre, vermillion, ultramarine blue, malachite, and van dyke brown.

Dry pigment and hide glue used for *L’incoronazione di Poppea*.

I purposefully omitted any black paint from my color palette as it diminishes the overall reflective quality of color under stage lights. Therefore, the darkest color incorporated into the distemper palette was a deep, dark brown (pictured above).

Over the centuries, the color palettes of scenic artists shifted to included new or popular colors. Regardless of an artist’s individual palette, the painting process remained the same. Generations of artists were united as the carefully prepared and applied distemper paint to stage settings.

Scenic artists on a paint bridge using distemper paint. Published in *Harper’s Weekly* Magazine, Nov. 30, 1878.

The use of historic scene painting methods and material to accompany historically-inspired operas was recently examined by an article by Anne E. Johnson in Early Music America. Here is the link: https://www.earlymusicamerica.org/web-articles/historically-inspired-set-design-for-haymarkets-monteverdi/?fbclid=IwAR19qFyanzQp5jJBawtvBrMuesfUlxW0hOLaD1KM0sHRCVT2vcUSiT1Rodc

Johnson wrote, “Opera has always been a spectacle, enveloping the audience in sight and sound. On the American early-opera scene, the audible aspects—the voices, the instruments, even effects like a thunder clap—are commonly governed by some sort of historically informed approach. Choreography and costumes, too, are often developed based on historical research. But one essential element is often left out of the equation: set design. That is beginning to change, thanks to the groundbreaking work of Wendy Waszut-Barrett.” I don’t necessarily consider my work groundbreaking, but I am trying to use the most effective paint for the scenic illusion.

FLOOR PAINTING AND FRAME PAINTING IN SCENIC ART

The backdrop and wings for L’incoronazione di Poppea were painted in the Continental Method, where the canvas is tacked to the floor. Paint brushes were attached to bamboo poles, allowing the artist to stand throughout the entire painting process; the idea is to NOT crawl around on the floor. This was a departure, as I used a vertical frame to paint scenery for both L’amant anonyme and Pirates of Penzance.

The scenic artist’s view when painting a backdrop on the floor.

A view from my ladder when painting the second set of wings for *L’incoronazione di Poppea* at my studio.

Both frame painting and floor painting were adopted by early American scenic artists. The Continental method of scene painting was not popularized in the United States until the late-1920s. Prior to this time, the majority of American scenic artists utilized vertical paint frames. This is not meant to say that American scenic artists never painted backdrops on the floor. However, using vertical fames was more economically viable in many situations for both scenic artists and scenic studios, especially in a studio setting. Keep in mind that floor space was often at a premium, reserved for many tasks that needed to occur after the painting process was completed, such as netting cut openings or rolling scenery for shipping.

In early American Theatre, the demand for painted scenery was often greater than the supply of artists to paint stage settings. It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that a series of scenic studios appeared across the United States, mass-producing painted settings for touring productions and venues throughout North America. The mass-production of painted illusion at scenic studios in North America peaked between 1900 and 1910.

A photograph of frame painting at the Sosman & Landis Studio in Chicago, Illinois, ca. 1910.

The scenic artist’s view when painting a backdrop on a vertical frame.

As the demand for scenic illusion waned after WWI, scenic studios shifted from painted illusion to three-dimensional settings, increasing their use of fabric draperies with painted ornament. In many ways the scenic art trade shifted from an art to a craft. There was less of a demand for scenic artists to paint pictorial realism for the stage. At the same time there was an increased demand for decorative paintings and stencil work on draperies, as well as three-dimensional scenery.

Scenery by ACME Scenic Studios, Chicago, Illinois, ca. 1928.

Throughout the duration of the twentieth century, frame painting became less popular for many live theatre productions. The exception was film backings where the demand for scenic illusion thrived. Much had to do with the extreme detail; painted details that were only achieved when holding a brush at arm’s length.

The Continental method is now the preferred method for most contemporary scenic artists producing scenery for the stage. In fact, many have never experienced the ease of painting on a vertical frame. It is truly unfortunate, as frame painting accommodates a scenic artist’s aging body, as your artwork remains at a comfortable height.

Drops and wings tacked to a motorized paint at for *Pirates of Penzance.*

Moving a motorized paint frame is easily done with the push of a button! This photograph was taken when running painted draperies on the frame at Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Frame painting can also speed up the entire process.

Below is a link to my time-lapse YouTube video that I posted Nov. 4, 2022. It shows me painting scenery for Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company’s “Pirates of Penzance” on a motorized frame. Over the course of three days, I painted one roll drop, one backdrop, one border, two shutters, and four wings.

Three-day time-lapse video, painting distemper scenery for “Pirates of Penzance”, Aug. 23-25, 2022.

To be continued…

You may have wondered why I took a writing break…

I have always enjoyed life at a frantic pace, zipping from one project to another with brief respites in between. At college, I was compared to a hummingbird on crack. Now, I am more like an over-caffeinated bumble bee.

I frequently wonder if my life’s theme is “damage control.” Although, I always plan ahead, preparing for any obstacle that may come my way. Last fall, I anticipated the brewing of a perfect storm – a tropical depression that had the potential to develop into a hurricane. My parents were battling several health issues at the time. I became hesitant to schedule any extended out-of-state projects until everything was under control. I delayed international projects and accepted “in-state” projects in their stead.

I gave myself a six-month window (Dec. 2021 to May 2022) to “wait in the wings” – just in case my help was needed at home. Thank goodness I decided to stick close by… In the past two months, my mother, father, and mother-in-law, have all visited the ER. I am glad that I listened to my intuitive hunch. I started writing this post in the hospital today, as we waited for more test results for my mother-in-law.

In addition to battling the geriatric health care system, I also juggled several work projects. Two of which included scenic designs for Haymarket Opera Company’s “L’amant anonyme” (Chicago, opened June 17) and Opera Louisiane’s “Tales of Hoffman” (Baton Rouge, opening tomorrow – June 24).

Fortunately, I only had to build and paint the scenery for “L’amant anonyme,” as “Tales of Hoffman” was constructed and painted by the New Orleans Opera shop in March 2020. As with many other 2020 shows “Tales of Hoffman” was cancelled and recently slotted for a new venue. Unfortunately, changing venues mid-stream is never easy. I am thankful that the same scenic artist for Hoffman, Nathan Arthur, was still on board.

By the end of April this spring, I began painting scenery for “L’amant anonyme” with traditional materials and historic painting methodology. Distemper painting (dry pigment paste and diluted hide glue) is extremely therapeutic – at least for me. Painting to classical music helps me find my center, and frequently lowers my own blood pressure. Who knew?

*My dry pigment palette; the same containers that I learned to paint from at the University of Minnesota.*

Although the set-up is painstakingly slow, the scenic art speed and fast dry time makes up for any slow start. I rented the motorized paint frame at Hamline University in St. Paul, Minnesota. All told, was on site a total of 18 days. My first day on site included the load-in and set-up of the space. The second day was setting up my wet palette, making size, and positioning the first three pieces. By the third day, it was off the races.

*Backdrop and one of two foliage wings.*

I had a total of three borders (5’x36’), six wings(18’hx18’w), one backdrop (18’hx24’w), and four profile pieces (4’-0” x 5’-6”) to paint. It was the combination of the subject matter (foliage and draperies) and traditional painting methods that made everything go lighting fast.

*Two foliage wings and painted tormentors.*

In eleven days, I completed three borders, six wings and a backdrop, before loading out of the space; there was another rental in for a week. I returned a few weeks later for a few days to load-in, paint, and load-out the four profile pieces (two trees and two statues).

*Painted panels that were attached to frames for profile pieces.*

Keep in mind that I had also painted the model with distemper paint – so I knew the color combinations that I was aiming for…

Nothing like practicing when everything is small and manageable. It was also my own design, so I wasn’t laboring over “getting it perfect” for someone else. I was able to take a few liberties, ones that you can seldom do when it is someone else’s design, unless they really, really, trust your instincts. By the way, everything was designed to be easily transported from Minneapolis to Chicago in our SUV. This design also marks the first of Haymarket Opera Company’s stock scenery collection.

*Model for “L’amant anonyme.”* (1′-0″ : 3/8″ scale).

*Photograph taken during the first dress rehearsal.*

I worked closely with the Lighting Designer, Brian Schneider, for both productions. Thankfully, we speak the same language. Translucencies were incorporated into both designs – but very differently. “Tales of Hoffman” utilized both backlighting and projections to indicate a time-travel theme (1880s, 1920s and 1960s).

*LD Brian Schneider and Wendy Waszut-Barrett*

*Brian in action during the light hang and focus.*

*The drops were lit from a variety of angles, including the back to illuminate the transparent sections.*

*Looking at same detail from behind the drop to show translucent area.*

“L’amant anonyme,” however, was an 18^th century period-inspired design. I used a combination of transparent washes and opaque washes, while incorporating Jean Honore Fragonard’s color palette from his painting, “The Swing.” The highly saturated dry pigments are perfect for scenic art translucencies. As I worked on tree trunks and foliage, their increased areas of opacity helped accentuate the transparent areas of sky and foliage. The scene was intended to glow and accentuate Stephanie Cluggish’s costumes.

*Photograph from first dress. Costume design by Stephanie Cluggish.* Pictured are Erica Schuller and Michael St. Peter.

*Photograph from first dress. Costume design by Stephanie Cluggish.* Pictured are Nicole Cabell and Geoffrey Agpalo.

The show opened with a wonderful review in the “Chicago Times” that reported, “Commitment to period-appropriate details like those shaky yet era-specific natural horns – is an unalienable Haymarket signature. It’s also behind some of the more mouth-wateringly sumptuous details in this “L’Amant anonyme,” like Wendy Waszut-Barrett’s awe-inspiring hand-painted sets and Stephanie Cluggish’s intricate costuming, perched at the intersection of historical fidelity and whimsy.”